メタテーブル

local x = {}
local metaTable = {} -- メタテーブルもテーブルです！
setmetatable(x, metaTable) -- xにmetaTableというメタテーブルを与えます！
print(getmetatable(x)) --> table: [16進数メモリアドレス]

local x = {}
setmetatable(x, {})

local x = setmetatable({}, {})

local vector2 = {__type = "vector2"}
local mt = {__index = vector2}

function mt.__div(a, b)
	if type(a) == "number" then
		-- aはスカラー、bはベクトル
		local scalar, vector = a, b
		return vector2.new(scalar / vector.x, scalar / vector.y)
	elseif type(b) == "number" then
		-- aはベクトル、bはスカラー
		local vector, scalar = a, b
		return vector2.new(vector.x / scalar, vector.y / scalar)
	elseif (a.__type and a.__type == "vector2" and b.__type and b.__type == "vector2") then
		-- aもbもベクトル
		return vector2.new(a.x / b.x, a.y / b.y)
	end
end

function mt.__tostring(t)
	return t.x .. ", " .. t.y
end

function vector2.new(x, y)
	local self = setmetatable({}, mt)
	self.x = x or 0
	self.y = y or 0
	return self
end

local a = vector2.new(10, 5)
local b = vector2.new(-3, 4)

print(a / b) -- -3.3333333333333, 1.25
print(b / a) -- -0.3, 0.8
print(2 / a) -- 0.2, 0.4
print(a / 2) -- 5, 2.5

local metatable = {
	__unm = function(t) -- __unm は単項 - 演算子のためのもの
    local negated = {}
  	for key, value in t do
  		negated[key] = -value -- このテーブルのすべての値を否定します
  	end
  	return negated -- テーブルを返します
	end
}

local table1 = setmetatable({10, 11, 12}, metatable)
print(table.concat(-table1, "; ")) --> -10; -11; -12

local metatable = {
	__index = {x = 1}
}

local t = setmetatable({}, metatable)
print(t.x) --> 1

local t = {10, 20, 30}
print(t(5))

local metatable = {
	__call = function(t, param)
	local sum = {}
		for i, value in ipairs(t) do
			sum[i] = value + param -- 引数 (5) を値に加え、その後新しいテーブル (t) に置きます。
		end
		return unpack(sum) -- 個々のテーブルの値を返します
	end
}

local t = setmetatable({10, 20, 30}, metatable)
print(t(5)) --> 15 25 35

local table1 = {10, 11, 12}
local table2 = {13, 14, 15}

for k, v in table1 + table2 do
	print(k, v)
end

local metatable = {
	__add = function(t1, t2)
		local sum = {}
		for key, value in t1 do
			sum[key] = value
		end

		for key, value in t2 do
			if sum[key] then
				sum[key] += value
			else
				sum[key] = value
			end
		end
		return sum
	end
}

local table1 = setmetatable({10, 11, 12}, metatable)
local table2 = setmetatable({13, 14, 15}, metatable)

for k, v in table1 + table2 do
	print(k, v)
end

local t = setmetatable({}, {
    __index = function(self, i)
    	self[i] = i * 10
    	return self[i]
    end,
    __newindex = function(self, i, v)
    	-- 標準の方法でテーブルに値を設定しないでください
    end
})
print(t[1]) -- スタックオーバーフローを引き起こします

local t = setmetatable({}, {
	__index = function(self, i)
		rawset(self, i, i * 10)
		return self[i]
	end,
	__newindex = function(self, i, v)
		-- 標準の方法でテーブルに値を設定しないでください
	end
})
print(t[1]) --> 10

local Set = {}
Set.__index = Set

-- 項目のオプションリストからセットを構築する関数
function Set.new(items)
	local newSet = {}
	for key, value in items or {} do
		newSet[value] = true
	end
	return setmetatable(newSet, Set)
end

-- セットに項目を追加する関数
function Set:add(item)
	self[item] = true
end

-- セットから項目を削除する関数
function Set:remove(item)
	self[item] = nil
end

-- セットが項目を含むかどうかを確認する関数
function Set:contains(item)
	return self[item] == true
end

-- デバッグのためにセットをカンマ区切りリストとして出力する関数
function Set:output()
	local elems = {}
	for key, value in self do
		table.insert(elems, tostring(key))
	end
	print(table.concat(elems, ", "))
end

local fruits = Set.new({"Apple", "Lemon", "Orange", "Cherry", "Lime", "Peach"})

local fruits = Set.new({"Apple", "Lemon", "Orange", "Cherry", "Lime", "Peach"})
fruits:add("Mango")

local fruits = Set.new({"Apple", "Lemon", "Orange", "Cherry", "Lime", "Peach"})
fruits:remove("Orange")

local fruits = Set.new({"Apple", "Lemon", "Orange", "Cherry", "Lime", "Peach"})

local result1 = fruits:contains("Cherry")
print(result1) -- true

local result2 = fruits:contains("Watermelon")
print(result2) -- false

local function getIntersection(set1, set2)
	local result = Set.new()
	for key, value in set1 do
		if set2:contains(key) then
			result:add(key)
		end
	end
	return result
end

local freshFruits = Set.new({"Mango", "Lemon", "Orange", "Cherry", "Lime", "Peach"})
local frozenFruits = Set.new({"Mango", "Peach", "Pineapple"})

local commonFruits = getIntersection(freshFruits, frozenFruits)
commonFruits:output() -- Mango, Peach

function Set:__add(otherSet)
	local result = Set.new()
	for entry in self do
		result[entry] = true
	end
	for entry in otherSet do
		result[entry] = true
	end
	return result
end

local sweetFruits = Set.new({"Apple", "Mango", "Cherry", "Peach"})
local sourFruits = Set.new({"Lemon", "Lime"})

local allFruits = sweetFruits + sourFruits
allFruits:output() -- Peach, Lime, Apple, Cherry, Lemon, Mango

function Set:__sub(otherSet)
	local result = Set.new()
	for entry in self do
		result[entry] = true
	end
	for entry in otherSet do
		result[entry] = nil
	end
	return result
end

local allFruits = Set.new({"Apple", "Lemon", "Mango", "Cherry", "Lime", "Peach"})
local sourFruits = Set.new({"Lemon", "Lime"})

local sweetFruits = allFruits - sourFruits
sweetFruits:output() -- Mango, Apple, Cherry, Peach